OVERVIEW OF THE BEST WAYS TO CITE NEW FORMS OF MEDIA

• The best way to cite new forms of media will depend on which academic discipline a writer is working in.
• A professional academic journal will also identify which specific citation style should be used.
• Academic work recognizes three major citation styles: APA, MLA, and Chicago.
• The Chicago Style has two distinct styles: Chicago Notes and Bibliography and Chicago and Chicago Author-Date.
• Typically, APA is used in social sciences, engineering, and education while MLA is used in the humanities.
• Chicago Notes and Bibliography is used in history papers and in the humanities.
• Chicago Author-Date is used in the physical, natural, or social sciences.
• Other citation styles used in academic work include Bluebook, which is used in Law; CSE, which may be used in sciences; and IEEE, which is used in computer science and engineering.
• All 3 of the major academic citation styles recognize specific rules for citing new media.

EXAMPLES OF FORMAL CITATION RULES FOR NEW MEDIA

• According to the APA Style Blog, when citing a podcast it is important to follow the basic citation rules of "who, what, when, and where".
• For a podcast citation at the end of a document/in a reference list, a writer should place the name of the producer (or writer/speaker) first and then the title of that person: e.g. Smith, J. (Producer). 
• A full APA podcast citation at the end of a document should proceed exactly as follows: Smith, J. (Producer). (Year, Month Day). Title of Podcast [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://websiteofpodcast.com
• The title of the podcast should be placed in italicized font.
• An APA in-text/parenthetical podcast citation should include the last name of the "who" followed by the year, for example: (Smith, 2019).
• A writer who wishes to cite a section of a podcast should place a "timestamp" in the in-text/parenthetical podcast citation, as in (Smith, 2019, 1:28:03–1:57:42), but should not include this timestamp as part of the end of a document/reference list citation.
• A Twitter social media post should proceed exactly as follows: Smith, J. [username]. (Year of post, Month Day). Text of Tweet [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitterpostetc.com.

• In MLA style, a Twitter social media post should proceed exactly as follows: @username. "Text of Tweet." Twitter, Day Month, Year of post, time posted, https://twitterpostetc.com.
• Note that the sources of the new media, such as Twitter, Facebook, should be placed in italicized font and months should be abbreviated, as in Feb., Mar.
• In MLA style, a specific example of a time stamp would look like: 9:07 a.m.
• A full MLA podcast citation at the end of a document should proceed exactly as follows: Smith, John, producer. "Title of Podcast." Name of Podcast, season x, episode x, date, https://websiteofpodcast.com.
• Within in-text/parenthetical citations, a timestamp should be used if an author wishes to cite a specific section of an audio or video file.
• An in-text/parenthetical citations to a section of a podcast should be formatted as follows: (Smith, 1:28:03 – 1:57:42).

• A Twitter social media post should proceed exactly as follows: Smith, Jon. (@username). "Text of Tweet." Twitter, Month Day, Year of post. https://twitterpostetc.com.
• In Chicago style, there are rules for how to format each citation as an endnote/footnote as well as how to format the citation as part of the bibliography/reference list.
• The endnote/footnote is taking the place of the in-text/parenthetical citation that is used in the MLA and APA formats.
• An example of a properly formatted podcast footnote/endnote citation would be: 1. John Smith, "Title of Podcast," Month Day, year, in Name of Podcast, produced by Company, podcast, file type, running time, accessed Month Day, Year, https://websiteofpodcast.com. (Source 11, corroborated by 12)
• An example of a properly formatted bibliography citation would be: Smith, John. "Title of Podcast." Produced by Company. Name of Podcast. Month Day, year. Podcast, file type, running time. Accessed Month Day, Year. https://websiteofpodcast.com.
• The name of the podcast (as opposed to the title of the podcast) should be placed in italicized font. (Source 11)
• If the writer references a specific section of an audio or video, the timestamp should be placed before the URL in both the footnote/endnote and bibliographic citation.